A design philosophy that aims to eliminate waste from the production, use and disposal of a product, focusing on products made to be made again.

• A. Dematerialization
• B. Eco-design
• C. Cradle to cradle
• D. Cradle to grave

Answer: (C)

The main idea here is designing products so that, after use, all materials can be recovered and fed into new products—creating closed-loop cycles that eliminate waste. This is the essence of cradle to cradle: materials are selected to be safely reused or returned to the environment, with products designed to be disassembled and recycled into new items. It envisions two loops—biological nutrients that re-enter nature and technical nutrients that stay in use in manufacturing—so things are “made to be made again.”

Cradle to grave describes a linear path where resources become waste. Eco-design is broader and focuses on reducing environmental impact, but doesn’t inherently guarantee perpetual reuse cycles. Dematerialization reduces material use, but again doesn’t specifically target end-of-life closed loops.