A design philosophy that considers the environmental effects of a product all the way from manufacture to disposal.

• A. Cradle to cradle
• B. Embodied energy
• C. End-of-pipe technologies
• D. Cradle to grave

Answer: (D)

The main idea here is looking at a product’s environmental impact across its entire life—from resource extraction and manufacturing through use to final disposal. That full lifecycle view is what cradle to grave represents, since it explicitly considers what happens at end of life as well as the earlier stages. The other terms don’t cover the whole journey: embodied energy focuses only on the energy required to make the product, end-of-pipe technologies deal with pollution after it’s created rather than considering the entire lifecycle, and cradle to cradle envisions recycling loops and regeneration rather than simply disposing of products. So cradle to grave best matches the description.