A design strategy that focuses on three broad environmental categories—materials, energy, and pollution/waste.

• A. End-of-pipe technologies
• B. Eco-design
• C. Dematerialization
• D. Embodied energy

Answer: (B)

Eco-design is a design strategy that treats environmental impact as a central constraint, considering materials, energy, and waste across the product’s life cycle. It guides material choices toward renewables or recyclables, aims to reduce the energy required to manufacture and operate the product, and minimizes pollution and waste through design for disassembly, recycling, and efficient production. This holistic approach contrasts with strategies that tackle pollution after production (end-of-pipe) or focus on a single metric like embodied energy or on using less material alone. By integrating environmental considerations from cradle to grave, eco-design best captures the idea of addressing materials, energy, and pollution/waste together.