Which concept describes devices that communicate with each other and operate without human intervention?

• A. Mass production
• B. Lamination
• C. Machine to machine (M2M)
• D. Mass customization

Answer: (C)

Machine-to-machine communication describes devices that exchange data and perform actions without human input. This enables automated coordination among sensors, controllers, and actuators, often as part of the Internet of Things, so systems can monitor conditions, make decisions, and carry out tasks on their own. That autonomous, device-to-device interaction is what this concept captures.

This differs from mass production, which is about manufacturing large quantities of identical products; lamination, a material-processing step; and mass customization, which combines large-scale production with customized features. A simple example is a factory where sensors detect machine wear and automatically adjust maintenance schedules or order replacement parts without human intervention, illustrating how devices communicate to operate independently.