Which term describes a distortion in which the ends of a material do not lie on the same plane?

• A. Volume
• B. Transparency
• C. Toughness
• D. Twisting

Answer: (D)

Twisting describes a torsional distortion where different parts along the length rotate relative to each other, so the ends don’t lie in the same plane or are no longer parallel. When a torque twists a material, shear occurs between layers, causing the cross-sections to rotate and the end faces to misalign. This kind of deformation is about how the material is oriented along its length, not about how much space it occupies, how transparent it is to light, or how much energy it can absorb before breaking. Volume is a measure of space, transparency is an optical property, and toughness is about energy absorption under fracture—none of these capture the geometric misalignment caused by twisting.